Written by Rhiannon Davis. Reviewed by Jenny Wordsworth.

Egg freezing, or oocyte cryopreservation, has developed into a viable option for women looking to preserve their fertility. Join us as we explore the latest scientific advancements, trends in accessibility, and what the future may hold for this technology.

Advancements in Cryopreservation Technology

The development of vitrification, a flash-freezing technique, has been a game-changer in egg freezing. Unlike the older slow-freezing method, vitrification significantly reduces the risk of ice crystal formation, preserving the structural integrity of the egg. This has led to improved post-thaw survival rates of over 90% in younger women and people.

A 2021 study published in Human Reproduction Update highlights that the survival rates for vitrified oocytes are 90–97%, with fertilisation and live birth rates comparable to those using fresh eggs. A further study in Fertility and Sterility found that vitrification reduces the likelihood of chromosomal abnormalities in thawed eggs compared to earlier freezing techniques.

Ongoing research into molecular biology is enhancing our understanding of egg quality. For instance, studies have identified biomarkers such as mitochondrial DNA content that may predict the developmental potential of an egg, enabling clinics to freeze only the highest-quality eggs.

Trends in Egg Freezing Accessibility

The use of egg freezing is on the rise in the UK, with data from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) showing a 64% increase in egg freezing cycles between 2019 and 2021. This trend is largely driven by societal factors, including the growing number of women and people delaying parenthood for education, career progression, or financial stability.

Employers have also begun offering egg freezing as part of employee benefit packages. While this can empower women and people, critics have pointed out that it may inadvertently place pressure to delay parenthood to fit workplace expectations.

A 2022 study in Social Science & Medicine explored how corporate coverage of egg freezing can create unintended consequences, such as normalising delayed parenthood while overlooking the challenges people face when using frozen eggs later in life.

The Future of Egg Freezing: Cost and Efficacy

One of the main barriers to egg freezing is its high cost, which currently ranges from £7,000 to £8,000 in the UK, including medication and initial storage fees. However, market competition and advancements in technology are expected to drive costs down.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to revolutionise egg freezing. By analysing data on hormone responses, follicle growth, and egg quality, AI can optimise stimulation protocols and identify the best eggs for freezing. Early trials in AI-assisted fertility treatments have already shown promising results, with improved success rates in embryo selection.

Another area of research is cryoprotectants, the substances used to protect eggs during freezing. Scientists are investigating next-generation cryoprotectants that could reduce toxicity and improve egg viability.

Inclusivity and Ethical Considerations

Despite its growing popularity, egg freezing remains underutilised by certain groups. For example, a 2023 study in Reproductive Biomedicine Online found that Black and Asian people in the UK were less likely to access fertility preservation services, citing financial and cultural barriers.

To address these disparities, clinics and policymakers must prioritise inclusive education and outreach. Additionally, the HFEA stresses the importance of providing people with transparent information about the limitations of egg freezing, including age-related success rates and potential health risks.

Key Takeaways on Egg Freezing

Egg freezing is a powerful tool for fertility preservation, but it’s not a one-size-fits-all solution. While advancements in vitrification, AI, and molecular biology are improving success rates, the procedure still comes with financial and biological limitations.

As the fertility industry evolves, it’s essential to prioritise inclusivity, transparency, and evidence-based care. With continued research and education, egg freezing can become a more accessible and empowering option for people worldwide.