Number of studies

19

Years of studies

1976-2025

Behere RV, Deshmukh AS, Otiv S, Gupte MD, Yajnik CS.

Maternal Vitamin B12 Status During Pregnancy and Its Association With Outcomes of Pregnancy and Health of the Offspring: A Systematic Review and Implications for Policy in India. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Apr 12

Brough L, Rees GA, Crawford MA, Morton RH, Dorman EK.

Effect of multiple-micronutrient supplementation on maternal nutrient status, infant birth weight and gestational age at birth in a low-income, multi-ethnic population. Br J Nutr. 2010 Aug;104(3):437–45.

Duffy B, McNulty H, Ward M, Pentieva K.

Anaemia during pregnancy: could riboflavin deficiency be implicated? Proc Nutr Soc. 2024. 

Duggan C, Srinivasan K, Thomas T, Samuel T, Rajendran R, Muthayya S, Finkelstein JL, Lukose A, Fawzi W, Allen LH, Bosch RJ, Kurpad AV.

Vitamin B-12 supplementation during pregnancy and early lactation increases maternal, breast milk, and infant measures of vitamin B-12 status. J Nutr. 2014 May;144(5):758–64.

Finkelstein JL, Fothergill A, Venkatramanan S, Layden AJ, Williams JL, Crider KS, Qi YP.

Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and child health outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 Jan 8;1(1).

Godfrey KM, Titcombe P, El-Heis S, Albert BB, Tham EH, Barton SJ, Kenealy T, Chong MF, Nield H, Chong YS, Chan SY, Cutfield WS; NiPPeR Study Group.

Maternal B-vitamin and vitamin D status before, during, and after pregnancy and the influence of supplementation preconception and during pregnancy: Prespecified secondary analysis of the NiPPeR double-blind randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2023 Dec 5;20(12).

Gomes F, Adu-Afarwuah S, Agustina R, Ali H, Arcot A, Arifeen S, Arnold CD, Black RE, Christian P, Dewey KG, Fawzi WW, Hallamaa L, Hoddinott J, Kissell MC, Kraemer K, Lachat C, Moore SE, Maleta K, Pereira C, Roberfroid D, Shaikh S, Shankar AH, Smith ER, Subarkah I, Sunawang R, Wang D, Wu LS-F, Mwangi MN.

Effect of prenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation compared with iron and folic acid supplementation on size at birth and subsequent growth through 24 mo of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025 Jul;122(1):185–195.

Jayawardena R, Majeed S, Sooriyaarachchi P, Abeywarne U, Ranaweera P.

The effects of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation in nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2023 Oct;308(4):1075–1084.

Jembere F, Dewey D.

Prenatal Vitamin B12 and Children's Brain Development and Cognitive, Language and Motor Outcomes: A Scoping Review. Children (Basel). 2024 May 7;11(5):558.

Keats EC, Haider BA, Tam E, Bhutta ZA.

Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 14;3(3).

Lumeng L, Cleary RE, Wagner R, Yu P-L, Li T-K.

Adequacy of vitamin B6 supplementation during pregnancy: a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1976 Dec;29(12):1376–83.

Nie L, Liu X, Li X, et al.

Beyond Folate: The Emerging Role of Maternal Vitamin B12 in Neural Tube Development. Nutrients. 2025;17(12). 

Peng L, Gao Y, Yuan C, Kuang H.

Maternal red blood cell folate and vitamin B metabolism with pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2025 Jul 2;25(1):688.

Saravanan P, Sukumar N, Adaikalakoteswari A, Goljan I, Venkataraman H, Gopinath A, Bagias C, Yajnik CS, Stallard N, Ghebremichael-Weldeselassie Y, Fall CHD.

Association of maternal vitamin B12 and folate levels in early pregnancy with gestational diabetes: a prospective UK cohort study (PRiDE study). Diabetologia. 2021 Oct;64(10):2170–2182.

Srinivasan K, Thomas T, Kapanee AR, Ramthal A, Bellinger DC, Bosch RJ, Kurpad AV, Duggan C.

Effects of maternal vitamin B12 supplementation on early infant neurocognitive outcomes: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Matern Child Nutr. 2017 Apr;13(2):e12325.

Sukumar N, Rafnsson SB, Kandala NB, Bhopal R, Yajnik CS, Saravanan P.

Prevalence of vitamin B-12 insufficiency during pregnancy and its effect on offspring birth weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103:1232–1251.

Vutyavanich T, Wongtra-ngan S, Ruangsri R.

Pyridoxine for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Sep;173(3 Pt 1):881–4.

Yang Y, Cai Z, Zhang J.

The effect of prepregnancy body mass index on maternal micronutrient status: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021 Sep 13;11(1):18100.

Zhang M, Almond LM, Jones HM.

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Vitamin B-12 Incorporating Mechanistic Absorption: An Example Application for Intake Estimation During Pregnancy. J Nutr. 2025 Jul 30:S0022-3166(25)00471-7.

Number of studies

14

Years of studies

1992-2025

Cetin I, Devlieger R, Isolauri E, Obeid R, Parisi F, Pilz S, van Rossem L;

Maternal Nutrition Delphi Study Group; Steegers-Theunissen R. International expert consensus on micronutrient supplement use during the early life course. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2025 Jan 20;25(1):44.

Cochrane KM, Elango R, Devlin AM, Mayer C, Hutcheon JA, Karakochuk CD.

Supplementation with (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid appears as effective as folic acid in maintaining maternal folate status while reducing unmetabolised folic acid in maternal plasma: a randomised trial of pregnant women in Canada. Br J Nutr. 2024 Jan 14;131(1):92-102.

Ding L, Liu Y, Yin X, Wen G, Sun D, Xian D, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Yang W, Chen W.

Association between micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy and preterm birth: evidence from a large-scale children survey and Mendelian randomization study. Front Public Health. 2025 May 9;13:1451006.

Evidence reviews for high-dose folic acid supplementation before and during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy: Maternal and child nutrition: Evidence review A. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2025 Jan. 

Gomes F, Adu-Afarwuah S, Agustina R, Ali H, Arcot A, Arifeen S, Arnold CD, Black RE, Christian P, Dewey KG, Fawzi WW, Hallamaa L, Hoddinott J, Kissell MC, Kraemer K, Lachat C, Moore SE, Maleta K, Pereira C, Roberfroid D, Shaikh S, Shankar AH, Smith ER, Subarkah I, Sunawang R, Wang D, S-F Wu L, Mwangi MN.

Effect of prenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation compared with iron and folic acid supplementation on size at birth and subsequent growth through 24 mo of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025 Jul;122(1):185-195

Kirke PN, Daly LE, Elwood JH.

A randomised trial of low dose folic acid to prevent neural tube defects. The Irish Vitamin Study Group. Arch Dis Child. 1992 Dec;67(12):1442-6.

Lamers Y, Prinz-Langenohl R, Moser R, Pietrzik K.

Supplementation with [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolate or folic acid equally reduces plasma total homocysteine concentrations in healthy women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Mar;79(3):473-8.

McNulty H, Rollins M, Cassidy T, Caffrey A, Marshall B, Dornan J, McLaughlin M, McNulty BA, Ward M, Strain JJ, Molloy AM, Lees-Murdock DJ, Walsh CP, Pentieva K.

Effect of continued folic acid supplementation beyond the first trimester of pregnancy on cognitive performance in the child: a follow-up study from a randomized controlled trial (FASSTT Offspring Trial). BMC Med. 2019 Oct 31;17(1):196. 

Obeid R, Rube E, Schön C, Geisel J.

Serum Concentrations of Folate Forms Following Supplementation of Multimicronutrients with 400 µg or 800 µg Mix of (6S)-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate and Folic Acid (1:1) in Women of Childbearing Age. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2024 Nov;68(22)

Pfeiffer CM, Sternberg MR, Fazili Z, Yetley EA, Lacher DA, Bailey RL, Johnson CL.

Unmetabolized folic acid is detected in nearly all serum samples from US children, adolescents, and adults. J Nutr. 2015 Mar;145(3):520-31.

Samaniego-Vaesken ML, Morais-Moreno C, Carretero-Krug A, Puga AM, Montero-Bravo AM, Partearroyo T, Gregorio VM.

Supplementation with Folic Acid or 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate and Prevention of Neural Tube Defects: An Evidence-Based Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2024 Sep 18;16(18):3154.

Tam C, O'Connor D, Koren G.

Circulating unmetabolized folic Acid: relationship to folate status and effect of supplementation. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2012

US Preventive Services Task Force; Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, Chelmow D, Coker TR, Davis EM, Donahue KE, Jaén CR, Li L, Ogedegbe G, Rao G, Ruiz JM, Stevermer J, Tsevat J, Underwood SM, Wong JB.

Folic Acid Supplementation to Prevent Neural Tube Defects: US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2023 Aug 1;330(5):454-459.

Wilson RD; Genetics Committee; Wilson RD, Audibert F, Brock JA, Carroll J, Cartier L, Gagnon A, Johnson JA, Langlois S, Murphy-Kaulbeck L, Okun N, Pastuck M; Special Contributors; Deb-Rinker P, Dodds L, Leon JA, Lowel HL, Luo W, MacFarlane A, McMillan R, Moore A, Mundle W, O'Connor D, Ray J, Van den Hof M.

Pre-conception Folic Acid and Multivitamin Supplementation for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Neural Tube Defects and Other Folic Acid-Sensitive Congenital Anomalies. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2015 Jun;37(6):534-52.

Number of studies

7

Years of studies

2014-2025

Cemortan M, Sagaidac I, Cernetchi O.

Comparative analysis of vitamin K levels in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2025 Apr 8;25(1):405. 

El-Ganzoury MM, El-Farrash RA, Saad AA, Ali MS, El-Bhbiti AR, Selem AM.

Antenatal administration of vitamin K1: relationship to vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors and incidence rate of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants; Egyptian randomized controlled trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014 May;27(8):816-20

Liu X, et al. 2025.

Association Between Maternal Vitamin K2 Levels in Late Pregnancy and Newborn Bone Metabolism Markers. Food Sci Nutr. 

Nana M, Medina V, Maxwell C, et al. 2025.

FIGO guideline on liver disease and pregnancy. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 

Ouchi N, Kuwabara Y, Yonezawa M, Ogawa J, Kasano S, Kato M, Kurashina R, Ichikawa T, Kawabata I, Suzuki S.

Prolonged prothrombin time in hyperemesis gravidarum as an indicator of vitamin K deficiency. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2025 Jan;51(1).

Shahrook S, Ota E, Hanada N, Sawada K, Mori R, 2018,

Vitamin K supplementation during pregnancy for improving outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Scientific Reports.

Wang H, Shan X, Li R, Zhang Y, Li Y, Nie S, Yu K, Yang L, Hu Y, Liu Y.

[Effects of serum vitamin K levels in early pregnancy on pregnancy-related diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2025 Jan;54(1):87-91. 

Number of studies

9

Years of studies

2005-2024

Casanueva E, Ripoll C, Tolentino M, Morales RM, Pfeffer F, Vilchis P, Vadillo-Ortega F.

Vitamin C supplementation to prevent premature rupture of the chorioamniotic membranes: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Apr;81(4):859-63

Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Hassan SS.

Supplementation with vitamins C and E during pregnancy for the prevention of preeclampsia and other adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Jun;204(6):503

Dror DK, Allen LH, 2012,

Interventions with vitamins B6, B12 and C in pregnancy, Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol

Liu JM, Serdula MK.

Effects of prenatal micronutrients supplementation timing on pregnancy-induced hypertension: Secondary analysis of a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Matern Child Nutr. 2021 Jul;17(3)

Lorzadeh N., Kazemirad Y., Kazemirad N.

Investigating the preventive effect of vitamins C and E on preeclampsia in nulliparous pregnant women. J. Perinat. Med. 2020;48:625–629

McCabe D, Lisy K, Lockwood C, Colbeck M.

The impact of essential fatty acid, B vitamins, vitamin C, magnesium and zinc supplementation on stress levels in women: a systematic review. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2017 Feb;15(2):402-453.

Nath B, Gaikwad H, Roy H, Paul S, Kanti V.

Role of Vitamin C Supplementation in the Prevention of Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) and Preterm PROM: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus. 2024 Jun 15;16(6)

Rumbold A, Ota E, Nagata C, Shahrook S, Crowther CA.

Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 29;2015(9)

Swaney P, Thorp J, Allen I, 2014,

Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy--does it decrease rates of preterm birth? A systematic review, Am J Perinatol.

Number of studies

4

Years of studies

2021-2023

Choobdar FA, Ghassemzadeh M, Aslanbeigi F, Attarian M, Robatmeili L, Rahimian H, Aski BH, Anari AM.

Association of lower vitamin a levels in neonates and their mothers with increased risk of neonatal late-onset sepsis: A case-control study. J Mother Child. 2023 Feb 22;26(1):78-86.

da Silva Lopes K, Yamaji N, Rahman MO, Suto M, Takemoto Y, Garcia-Casal MN, Ota E.

Nutrition-specific interventions for preventing and controlling anaemia throughout the life cycle: an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Sep 26;9(9)

Ma G, Chen Y, Liu X, Gao Y, Deavila JM, Zhu MJ, Du M.

Vitamin a supplementation during pregnancy in shaping child growth outcomes: A meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023 Nov;63(33)

McCauley ME, van den Broek N, Dou L, Othman M.

Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 27;2015(10).

Number of studies

6

Years of studies

20112-2024

Carducci B, Keats EC, Bhutta ZA.

Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 16;3(3)

Chaffee BW, King JC.

Effect of zinc supplementation on pregnancy and infant outcomes: a systematic review. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012 Jul;26 Suppl 1(0 1):118-37.

Iqbal S, Ali I.

Effect of maternal zinc supplementation or zinc status on pregnancy complications and perinatal outcomes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses. Heliyon. 2021 Jul 10;7(7).

Kemp JF, Hambidge KM, Westcott JL, Ali SA, Saleem S, Garcés A, Figueroa L, Somannavar MS, Goudar SS, Long JM, Hendricks AE, Krebs NF;

Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial Group. Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial. J Nutr. 2024 Jun;154(6):1917-1926.

Nossier SA, Naeim NE, El-Sayed NA, Abu Zeid AA.

The effect of zinc supplementation on pregnancy outcomes: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial, Egypt. Br J Nutr. 2015 Jul;114(2):274-85.

Wang, H., Hu, YF., Hao, JH. et al.

Maternal zinc deficiency during pregnancy elevates the risks of fetal growth restriction: a population-based birth cohort study. Sci Rep 5, 11262 (2015).

Number of studies

13

Years of studies

2019-2025

Cormick G, Betrán AP, Harbron J, Seuc A, White C, Roberts JM, Belizán JM, Hofmeyr GJ.

The Effect of Calcium Supplementation on Body Weight Before and During Pregnancy in Women Enrolled in the WHO Calcium and Preeclampsia Trial. Food Nutr Bull. 2020 Sep;41(3):332-342

Cullers A, King JC, Van Loan M, Gildengorin G, Fung EB.

Effect of prenatal calcium supplementation on bone during pregnancy and 1 y postpartum. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019 Jan 1;109(1):197-206.

Ding L, Liu Y, Yin X, Wen G, Sun D, Xian D, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Yang W, Chen W.

Association between micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy and preterm birth: evidence from a large-scale children survey and Mendelian randomization study. Front Public Health. 2025 May 9;13:1451006.

Dwarkanath P, Muhihi A, Sudfeld CR, Wylie BJ, Wang M, Perumal N, Thomas T, Kinyogoli SM, Bakari M, Fernandez R, Raj JM, Swai NO, Buggi N, Shobha R, Sando MM, Duggan CP, Masanja HM, Kurpad AV, Pembe AB, Fawzi WW.

Two Randomized Trials of Low-Dose Calcium Supplementation in Pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2024 Jan 11;390(2):143-153.

Fatima N, Yaqoob S, Rana L, Imtiaz A, Iqbal MJ, Bashir Z, Shaukat A, Naveed H, Sultan W, Afzal M, Kashif Z, Al-Asmari F, Shen Q, Ma Y.

Micro-nutrient sufficiency in mothers and babies: management of deficiencies while avoiding overload during pregnancy. Front Nutr. 2025 Apr 1;12:1476672

Hofmeyr GJ, Manyame S, Medley N, Williams MJ.

Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Sep 16;9(9):CD011192.

Jamilian M, Mirhosseini N, Eslahi M, Bahmani F, Shokrpour M, Chamani M, Asemi Z.

The effects of magnesium-zinc-calcium-vitamin D co-supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019 Mar 29;19(1):107. 

Kongwattanakul K, Duangkum C, Ngamjarus C, Lumbiganon P, Cuthbert A, Weeks J, Sothornwit J.

Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 Nov 19;11(11)

Liu YH, Zhang YS, Chen JY, Wang ZJ, Liu YX, Li JQ, Xu XJ, Xie NJ, Lye S, Tan N, Duan CY, Wei YX, He PC.

Comparative effectiveness of prophylactic strategies for preeclampsia: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023 May;228(5):535-546

Oh C, Keats EC, Bhutta ZA.

Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2020 Feb 14;12(2):491.

Olendzki BC, Hsiao BS, Weinstein K, Chen R, Frisard C, Madziar C, Picker M, Pauplis C, Maldonado-Contreras A, Peter I.

Dietary Intake of Pregnant Women with and without Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the United States. Nutrients. 2023 May 25;15(11):2464. 

Rached V, Diogenes MEL, Donangelo CM, Bezerra FF.

Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy reduces postpartum fat mass in adolescents: A randomized trial. Am J Hum Biol. 2023 Sep;35(9).

Sauder KA, Couzens GL, Bailey RL, Hockett CW, Switkowski KM, Lyall K, Kerver JM, Dabelea D, Maldonado LE, O'Connor TG, Deoni SC, Glueck DH, Catellier DJ; program collaborators for Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes.

Selecting a dietary supplement with appropriate dosing for 6 key nutrients in pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023 Apr;117(4):823-829. 

Number of studies

9

Years of studies

2014-2024

Arab A, Rafie N, Amani R, Shirani F.

The Role of Magnesium in Sleep Health: a Systematic Review of Available Literature. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2023 Jan;201(1):121-128.

de Araújo CAL, Ray JG, Figueiroa JN, Alves JG.

BRAzil magnesium (BRAMAG) trial: a double-masked randomized clinical trial of oral magnesium supplementation in pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020 Apr 21;20(1):234.

Liu J, Song G, Zhao G, Meng T.

Effect of oral magnesium supplementation for relieving leg cramps during pregnancy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Jul;60(4):609-614. 

Luo L, Zhang Y, Wang H, Chen D, Li L.

The efficacy of magnesium supplementation for gestational diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2024 Feb;293:84-90.

Makrides M, Crosby DD, Bain E, Crowther CA.

Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 3;2014(4)

Ren Q, Wang H, Zeng Y, Tan X, Cheng X, Zhou T, Huang W, Xu Y.

The Association Between Serum Magnesium Levels and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2023 Nov;201(11):5115-5125.

Supakatisant C, Phupong V.

Oral magnesium for relief in pregnancy-induced leg cramps: a randomised controlled trial. Matern Child Nutr. 2015 Apr;11(2):139-45.

Tan X, Huang Y.

Magnesium supplementation for glycemic status in women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2022 Mar;38(3):202-206

Yuan J, Yu Y, Zhu T, Lin X, Jing X, Zhang J.

Oral Magnesium Supplementation for the Prevention of Preeclampsia: a Meta-analysis or Randomized Controlled Trials. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2022 Aug;200(8):3572-3581.

Number of studies

6

Years of studies

2005-2025

Boskovic R, Gargaun L, Oren D, Djulus J, Koren G.

Pregnancy outcome following high doses of Vitamin E supplementation. Reprod Toxicol. 2005 May-Jun;20(1):85-8.

Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Hassan SS.

Supplementation with vitamins C and E during pregnancy for the prevention of preeclampsia and other adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Jun;204(6):503. 

Moabedi M, Milajerdi A.

The effect of co-administration of vitamin E and C supplements on plasma oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant capacity: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with meta-regression. Front Immunol. 2025 Jul 16;16.

Roberts JM, Myatt L, Spong CY, Thom EA, Hauth JC, Leveno KJ, Pearson GD, Wapner RJ, Varner MW, Thorp JM Jr, Mercer BM, Peaceman AM, Ramin SM, Carpenter MW, Samuels P, Sciscione A, Harper M, Smith WJ, Saade G, Sorokin Y, Anderson GB; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network.

Vitamins C and E to prevent complications of pregnancy-associated hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 8;362(14):1282-91. 

Rumbold AR, Crowther CA, Haslam RR, Dekker GA, Robinson JS; ACTS Study Group.

Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 27;354(17):1796-806.

Wang S, Shi M, Zhou L, Huang H, Mo S.

Correlation of vitamin E level during pregnancy with maternal and neonatal health outcomes: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Am J Transl Res. 2023 Jun 15;15(6):3838-3845.

Number of studies

7

Years of studies

2007-2025

Florez-Garcia VA, Wright RO, Keil AP, Téllez-Rojo MM, Martínez-Medina S, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Kalkbrenner AE.

Essential and non-essential metals in children's intellectual functioning: A multi-media biomarker approach from a Mexico City birth cohort. Environ Res. 2025 Jul 10;285(Pt 1).

Holmquist E, Brantsæter AL, Meltzer HM, Jacobsson B, Barman M, Sengpiel V.

Maternal selenium intake and selenium status during pregnancy in relation to preeclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension in a large Norwegian Pregnancy Cohort Study. Sci Total Environ. 2021 Dec 1;798:149271

McDougall AR, Dore G, Aboud L, Makama M, Nguyen PY, Mills K, Sanderson B, Hastie R, Ammerdorffer A, Vogel JP.

The effect of selenium supplementation in pregnant women on maternal, fetal, and newborn outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2023 Nov;5(11):101160.

Modzelewska D, Solé-Navais P, Brantsæter AL, Flatley C, Elfvin A, Meltzer HM, Sengpiel V, Barman M, Jacobsson B.

Maternal Dietary Selenium Intake during Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2021 Apr 9;13(4):1239

Negro R, Greco G, Mangieri T, Pezzarossa A, Dazzi D, Hassan H.

The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Apr;92(4):1263-8. 

van der Pligt P, Wadley GD, Lee IL, Ebrahimi S, Spiteri S, Dennis K, Mason S.

Antioxidant Supplementation for Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Curr Nutr Rep. 2025 Mar 14;14(1):45.

Yigit E, Sayar I.

Selenium Supplementation and Gestational Diabetes: A Randomised Controlled Trial. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2024 May;34(5):561-567.

Number of studies

13

Years of studies

2011-2025

Borumandnia N, Rostami M, Talebi A, Alavimajd H.

The impact of vitamin D changes during pregnancy on the development of maternal adverse events: a random forest analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2024 Feb 10;24(1):125.

Cooper C, Harvey NC, Bishop NJ, Kennedy S, Papageorghiou AT, Schoenmakers I, Fraser R, Gandhi SV, Carr A, D'Angelo S, Crozier SR, Moon RJ, Arden NK, Dennison EM, Godfrey KM, Inskip HM, Prentice A, Mughal MZ, Eastell R, Reid DM, Javaid MK; MAVIDOS Study Group.

Maternal gestational vitamin D supplementation and offspring bone health (MAVIDOS): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016 May;4(5):393-402

Demay MB, Pittas AG, Bikle DD, et al., 2024,

Vitamin D for the Prevention of Disease: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline, J Clin Endocrinol Metab.

El-Heis S, D'Angelo S, Curtis EM, Healy E, Moon RJ, Crozier SR, Inskip H, Cooper C, Harvey NC, Godfrey KM; MAVIDOS Trial Group.

Maternal antenatal vitamin D supplementation and offspring risk of atopic eczema in the first 4 years of life: evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2022 Nov;187(5):659-666.

Gallo S, McDermid JM, Al-Nimr RI, et al., 2020,

Vitamin D Supplementation during Pregnancy: An Evidence Analysis Center Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, J Acad Nutr Diet.

Grant WB, Wimalawansa SJ, Pludowski P, Cheng RZ.

Vitamin D: Evidence-Based Health Benefits and Recommendations for Population Guidelines. Nutrients. 2025 Jan 14;17(2):277. 

Harvey NC, Holroyd C, Ntani G, et al., 2014,

Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: a systematic review, Health Technol Assess.

Hollis BW, Wagner CL.

Vitamin D requirements and supplementation during pregnancy. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2011 Dec;18(6):371-5.

Moon RJ, D' Angelo S, Curtis EM, Ward KA, Crozier SR, Schoenmakers I, Javaid MK, Bishop NJ, Godfrey KM, Cooper C, Harvey NC; MAVIDOS Trial Group.

Pregnancy vitamin D supplementation and offspring bone mineral density in childhood follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024 Nov;120(5):1134-1142

Palacios C, Kostiuk LL, Cuthbert A, Weeks J, 2024,

Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy, Cochrane Database Syst Rev.

Perichart-Perera O, González-Leyva CP, González-Ludlow I, Tolentino-Dolores M, Solis-Paredes M, Reyes-Muñoz E, Borboa-Olivares H, Sánchez-Martínez M, Parra-Hernández S, Monterrubio-Flores E, Schnaas Y Arrieta L, Guzmán-Huerta M, Estrada-Gutierrez G.

Vitamin D Deficiency in Mexican Pregnant Women: Is Supplementation with ≤400 IU/day Enough? Nutrients. 2020 Aug 20;12(9):2517

Rostami M, Tehrani FR, Simbar M, Bidhendi Yarandi R, Minooee S, Hollis BW, Hosseinpanah F.

Effectiveness of Prenatal Vitamin D Deficiency Screening and Treatment Program: A Stratified Randomized Field Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Aug 1;103(8):2936-2948.

Yang WC, Chitale R, O'Callaghan KM, Sudfeld CR, Smith ER.

The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Neonatal, and Infant Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2025 Mar 1;83(3).

Number of studies

9

Years of studies

2013-2025

Bath SC, Steer CD, Golding J, Emmett P, Rayman MP.

Effect of inadequate iodine status in UK pregnant women on cognitive outcomes in their children: results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Lancet. 2013 Jul 27;382(9889):331-7. 

Bertinato J, Griffin P, Qiao C, Cavalcanti D, Ghesquière L, Bujold E.

Iodine intakes of pregnant females from Québec, Canada. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2025 Apr;88:127601. 

Bougma K, Aboud FE, Harding KB, Marquis GS.

Iodine and mental development of children 5 years old and under: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2013 Apr 22;5(4):1384-416. doi: 10.3390/nu5041384. Erratum in: Nutrients. 2014 Dec;6(12):5770-1. 

Gowachirapant S, Jaiswal N, Melse-Boonstra A, Galetti V, Stinca S, Mackenzie I, Thomas S, Thomas T, Winichagoon P, Srinivasan K, Zimmermann MB.

Effect of iodine supplementation in pregnant women on child neurodevelopment: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 Nov;5(11):853-863. 

Harding KB, Peña‐Rosas JP, Webster AC, Yap CMY, Payne BA, Ota E, De‐Regil LM.

Iodine supplementation for women during the preconception, pregnancy and postpartum period. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD011761

Kelliher L, Kiely ME, Browne JR, O'Callaghan YC, Hennessy Á.

Mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency among pregnant women in Ireland: data from a large prospective pregnancy cohort. Eur J Nutr. 2025 May 9;64(4):173. 

Nazeri P, Shariat M, Azizi F.

Effects of iodine supplementation during pregnancy on pregnant women and their offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis of trials over the past 3 decades. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021 Jan;184(1):91-106. 

Sullivan TR, Green TJ, Gould JF, Makrides MM, Best KP.

Statistical analysis plan for the Prenatal Iodine Supplementation and Early Childhood Neurodevelopment (PoppiE) randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2025 May 19;26(1):162. 

Zhou SJ, Anderson AJ, Gibson RA, Makrides M.

Effect of iodine supplementation in pregnancy on child development and other clinical outcomes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Nov;98(5):1241-54. 

Number of studies

9

Years of studies

2018-2025

Akison LK, Kuo J, Reid N, Boyd RN, Moritz KM.

Effect of Choline Supplementation on Neurological, Cognitive, and Behavioral Outcomes in Offspring Arising from Alcohol Exposure During Development: A Quantitative Systematic Review of Clinical and Preclinical Studies. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018 Sep;42(9):1591-1611.

Bahnfleth CL, Strupp BJ, Caudill MA, Canfield RL.

Prenatal choline supplementation improves child sustained attention: A 7-year follow-up of a randomized controlled feeding trial. FASEB J. 2022 Jan;36(1).

Caudill MA, Strupp BJ, Muscalu L, Nevins JEH, Canfield RL.

Maternal choline supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy improves infant information processing speed: a randomized, double-blind, controlled feeding study. FASEB J. 2018 Apr;32(4):2172-2180. 

Derbyshire EJ.

Choline in Pregnancy and Lactation: Essential Knowledge for Clinical Practice. Nutrients. 2025 Apr 30;17(9):1558.

Freedman R, Hunter SK, Law AJ, D'Alessandro A, Noonan K, Wyrwa A, Camille Hoffman M.

Maternal choline and respiratory coronavirus effects on fetal brain development. J Psychiatr Res. 2020 Sep;128:1-4. 

Gould JF et al., 2025,

Choline During Pregnancy and Child Neurodevelopment: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Observational Studies, Nutrients

Nguyen HT, Oktayani PPI, Lee SD, Huang LC.

Choline in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2025 Feb 1;83(2):e273-e289..

Obeid R, Derbyshire E, Schön C.

Association between Maternal Choline, Fetal Brain Development, and Child Neurocognition: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Studies. Adv Nutr. 2022 Dec 22;13(6):2445-2457.

Wallace TC, Blusztajn JK, Caudill MA, Klatt KC, Natker E, Zeisel SH, Zelman KM.

Choline: The Underconsumed and Underappreciated Essential Nutrient. Nutr Today. 2018 Nov-Dec;53(6):240-253.

Number of studies

6

Years of studies

2020-2025

Addo EK, Gorka JE, Allman SJ, Harrison DY, Sharifzadeh M, Hoffman RO, Hartnett ME, Varner MW, Bernstein PS.

Ocular Effects of Prenatal Carotenoid Supplementation in the Mother and Her Child: The Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Pregnancy (L-ZIP) Randomized Trial - Report Number 2. Ophthalmol Sci. 2024 Apr 24;4(5):100537.

Kadam I, Nebie C, Dalloul M, Hittelman J, Fordjour L, Hoepner L, Futterman ID, Minkoff H, Jiang X.

Maternal Lutein Intake during Pregnancies with or without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Cognitive Development of Children at 2 Years of Age: A Prospective Observational Study. Nutrients. 2024 Jan 22;16(2):328.

Kang T, Liu Y, Chen X, Huang X, Cao Y, Dou W, Duan D, Bo Y, Traore SS, Zhao X, Fu W, Zeng F, Liu J, Lyu Q.

Dietary carotenoid intake and risk of developing preeclampsia: a hospital-based case-control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022 May 21;22(1):427.

Lai JS, Veetil VO, Lanca C, Lee BL, Godfrey KM, Gluckman PD, Shek LP, Yap F, Tan KH, Chong YS, Ong CN, Ngo CS, Saw SM, Chong MFF.

Maternal Lutein and Zeaxanthin Concentrations in Relation to Offspring Visual Acuity at 3 Years of Age: The GUSTO Study. Nutrients. 2020 Jan 21;12(2):274.

Mahmassani HA, Switkowski KM, Scott TM, Johnson EJ, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E, Jacques PF.

Maternal Intake of Lutein and Zeaxanthin during Pregnancy Is Positively Associated with Offspring Verbal Intelligence and Behavior Regulation in Mid-Childhood in the Project Viva Cohort. J Nutr. 2021 Mar 11;151(3):615-627. 

Zhang Y, Dawson R, Kong L, Tan L.

Lutein supplementation for early-life health and development: current knowledge, challenges, and implications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2025;65(16):3096-3111.

Number of studies

7

Years of studies

2015-2024

Cantor AG, Bougatsos C, Dana T, Blazina I, McDonagh M.

Routine iron supplementation and screening for iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Apr 21;162(8):566-76.

Hansen R, Sejer EPF, Holm C, Schroll JB.

Iron supplements in pregnant women with normal iron status: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2023 Sep;102(9):1147-1158.

Milman NT, Bergholt T.

Low-Dose Prophylactic Oral Iron Supplementation (Ferrous Fumarate, Ferrous Bisglycinate, and Ferrous Sulphate) in Pregnancy Is Not Associated With Clinically Significant Gastrointestinal Complaints: Results From Two Randomized Studies. J Pregnancy. 2024 Nov 15;2024:1716798. 

Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Garcia-Casal MN, Dowswell T.

Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 22;2015(7):CD004736. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 Aug 15;8:CD004736. 

Piccoli GB, Clari R, Vigotti FN, Leone F, Attini R, Cabiddu G, Mauro G, Castelluccia N, Colombi N, Capizzi I, Pani A, Todros T, Avagnina P.

Vegan-vegetarian diets in pregnancy: danger or panacea? A systematic narrative review. BJOG. 2015 Apr;122(5):623-33.

Stanworth SJ, Churchill D, Sweity S, Holmes T, Hudson C, Brown R, Lax SJ, Murray J, Spiby H, Roy N, Farmer A, Gale C, Crayton E, Lorencatto F, Griffiths J, Mullings J, Last S, Knight M.

The impact of different doses of oral iron supplementation during pregnancy: a pilot randomized trial. Blood Adv. 2024 Nov 12;8(21):5683-5694

US Preventive Services Task Force.

Screening and Supplementation for Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia During Pregnancy: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2024;332(11):906–913

Number of studies

4

Years of studies

2001-2023

Black RE.

Micronutrients in pregnancy. Br J Nutr. 2001 May;85 Suppl 2:S193-7. 

Gohari, H., Khajavian, N., Mahmoudian, A. et al.

Copper and zinc deficiency to the risk of preterm labor in pregnant women: a case-control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 23, 366 (2023).

Keats EC, Haider BA, Tam E, Bhutta ZA.

Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 14;3(3).

Kashanian M., Hadizadeh H., Faghankhani M., Nazemi M., Sheikhansari N.

Evaluating the effects of copper supplement during pregnancy on premature rupture of membranes and pregnancy outcome. J. Matern. Neonatal Med. 2017;31:39–46.